THOMAS ORTEGA ALFREDO OJEDA, AND ISRAEL RAMÍREZ RAMÍREZ South Coast Chapter of the Meritorious Society of Geography and Statistics of the State of Jalisco celebrated the entry of two new partners: The Maestro. Alfredo Tomas Ortega Ojeda and the MDC. Israel Ramirez Orlando Ramirez.
The academic session took place on July 17, 2010, at the Centro Cultural Jose Atanasio Monroy University Center of the South Coast of the University of Guadalajara, located in the City of Autlan de Navarro, Jalisco, having started to 19: OO hours.
The presidium was composed by Maestro. Julio Alejandro Santillán Becerra (President the Meritorious Society of Geography and Statistics of the State of Jalisco, AC), Mr. José Ponce Rodígruez Gorgonio (Secretary General), Dr. Nabor De Niz Domínguez (South Coast Chapter Coordinator), Master. Carlos Manuel Orozco Santillán (Rector of the Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur-U. De G.), Mr. Francisco López Contreras (representing the Mayor of Autlan de Navarro, Jalisco.: MSc. Morán Fernando Guzmán), Master . Alfredo Tomas Ortega (CUCSUR Academic Secretary), who presented their work income: Pedro Zamora, a literary character in the South of Jalisco, the MCD Israel Ramirez Orlando Ramirez (Director of Grupo Folklorico La Grana), who presented their work income with a function of the group that runs decently, the MSc. Fausto Nava Gonzalez, who would respond to the work of Orlando Ramirez, and Dr. José Francisco Cobián Figueroa, who answer the work of Alfredo Tomas Ortega.
The Tomás Alfredo Ortega speech was:
PEDRO ZAMORA: A LITERARY CHARACTER OF SOUTHERN JALISCO INTRODUCTION
Autlán live in, who is torn between two identities, old and dear Autlán de la Grana and the modern and pragmatic Autlan de Navarro, which honors a young musician become a revolutionary general, who is also part of this story.
But I also live in another Autlán, located in the geographical center of a more diffuse, more complex and less accurate, which is what is between the Earth's Prodigal Llano Agustin Yanez and Juan Rulfo in flames. Region of natural wealth is hard to describe, with a variety of plants and animals than that of entire countries, with social and human development complicated and full of contrasts, a history full of heroic deeds and contradictory, carried out by heroes such copies as despicable.
As a fan I am just the lyrics, I am interested in particular form of regional literature of the South Coast and southern Jalisco, which has allowed me to approach the fantastic work of regional authors, whose diversity and variety exceeded all possible expectations. From extremely local authors, some of them good friends, even the authors who have achieved fame in national and international spheres.
Within this constellation of authors and literary characters, which will surely be much to discuss and work on this occasion I refer to the case of three literary characters who have crossed borders in the region, reaching more space to the state of Jalisco and even the country. I refer in this case the authors and characters as Agustín Yáñez and Prodigal Earth, which made peace Rodolfo Vizcaino, which itself was a novel walking Ricardo Guerra in their important work. I also refer to a character that while not yet widely known in the region and state, likely soon will be, thanks to excellent work by Antonio Alatorre, a distinguished son of Autlan, which significantly titled "The wizard of Autlán" and that accounts for the incredible adventures of Marco Monroy, English Autlán neighbor, who in 1700 was far tried by the Holy Office for the serious accusation of witchcraft. But the two famous characters have merits gained by having a particular job to analyze its many literary and experiential edges, so this time I will refer exclusively to a third character, highly significant in literary terms, and for which I dare to point out as the most significant literary character of southern Jalisco, this elusive area in which I live and I referred to earlier, and pointed out here that my daring to bring to Pedro Zamora as the most major literary character of our region is based first that nothing in my irresponsible recklessness, and second in the number of authors and the quality of some of them who have been captivated by this singular character, in such a way that they have spent many hours of his life and creativity to evoke and recreate the exploits and atrocities of a character as illustrious and unfortunate as it was Pedro Zamora. And as I draw button shows three important authors, Jose Trinidad Lepe Preciado Ramon Rubin and marked and foremost, Juan Rulfo. Many authors in addition to other organizations that have wanted, or had to spend large pages to save the memory of the controversial outlaw, guerrilla, revolutionary and rapist, as Ramón lists Rubin, Pedro Zamora.
The life and exploits are certainly Zamora is placed in the pantheon of illustrious revolutionaries, let alone in a roundabout. Nothing in the ideals of social justice, equality, much less democracy, probably knew that, but he had no clear meaning, and how they led their troops, is almost certainly not comulgaría with them. Redeemer does not show traces of social, political leader, a brilliant soldier, and the scope of their actions is limited to the southern portion of Jalisco and Colima. However, Pedro Zamora is, as mentioned before, the character of the revolutionary decade that has left more traces in the literature of this region of Jalisco, transcending even the national literature, by authors who inhabited the region, and since early infancy experienced, witnessed, heard and had the patience and interest to replicate and enhance the epic tragic and heroic against the bandit and military born in El Palmar de los Pelayo.
Pedro Zamora is a tragic character, for the irreparable damage caused in fortunes, estates, honor and lives of hundreds of men and women rather unfortunate that at that time inhabited the region from Cocula to Barra de Navidad and Manzanillo Tapalpa Pet. Continues to be tragic because even his greatest victories and feats of arms ended up being pyrrhic, if not farcical, because the trail of pain that was spreading through the countryside of southern Jalisco was born of the soul, was rooted in their own bones, and bones of his soul by the endless procession of deaths, torture and abuse by whims of fate that went unpunished by the impunity that was his greatest victory in life. And it is tragic Pedro Zamora for having won with cunning and political savvy an unrivaled opportunity to break with its past proscribed and start a successful political career, economic prosperity and social prestige perhaps, as happened to so many general revolution which became national heroes and scoundrels leaders, Pedro Zamora, or demons who dwell in it, had the unparalleled audacity to take up arms to be commander in Autlán, and last restart Once your life so dear outlawed and persecuted, and having been defeated, again pardoned and exiled to the Canutillo hacienda under the protection of its only leader and guide, Pancho Villa, make one last act of escapism to go and die for absurd and anti-heroic way possible in any street or pension from the city of Mexico, the most absurd final scene for a character so typical of southern Jalisco.
should be, or may be, the tragic nature of this unique character that attracted the attention of many authors and writers, among which we distinguish two main aspects, that of historians such as Gabriel Chavez Morett, Ramon Rubin and the latter not because there has been a writer of extraordinary novels and stories, but because in his book on Zamora he assumed as rescuer of the facts of the bandit from direct sources. In this category we can include the authors of the many regional stories motherland, that to talk about their towns and municipalities no way to avoid one or several chapters devoted to the adventures and misdeeds that Zamora was adorning the headboard different municipal towns , haciendas and ranches in southern Jalisco. Among them we quote Gomez Zepeda, Negrete Naranjo, Medina Lima, Gomez Sandoval Fregoso, and many others who have entered the raids and "Daneri" of the hosts of Zamora in this region.
the other group of authors who worked on the character of Pedro Zamora, the writers, who on his novels and stories were great, and at the risk of committing some unforgivable omissions, I will refer to only three very prominent: José Trinidad Lepe Preciado the novelist and storyteller of Tonaya, resident in Colima, Juan Rulfo the San Gabriel or Sayula, which needs no introduction, and a writer autlense, Carlos Alatorre, who wrote an extraordinary short novel about one of the many consequences of the saga zamorist, famous burial money.
Finally, I mention the singing of deeds, the authors of corridos for the people who rescued the adventures of Zamora and some of his henchmen. Home
historians taking the main biographical features, military and political issue of our character. The main sources are "In the footsteps of General Pedro Zamora, Gabriel Chavez Morett, and" Revolution without mysticism. Pedro Zamora. Story of a rapist. "Mazatleco teacher, resident for years in Autlán, Ramon Rubin.
WHO IS PEDRO ZAMORA?
A young man in 1910 when you initiate the revolutionary exploits convulsionaries the country, was serving his twenty years. Hailing from a very small village called El Palmar de los Pelayo, lost on the banks of the Llano Grande, and since his teens and trade combined with any presumed arriería office of highway robbery, in 1912, after which Rubin entered as the third murder of his young life, was to give an injured leg, a Union prison in Tula, and then ran away leaving two more deaths in the flight, to enter fully into the world of fugitives, with his friend and new partner Francisco Vallejo. In this small society of evil are united in Eugene Aviña fleetingly, but still chose to go their different expectations of Colima. In those tiempos aciagos y perturbados, la distancia entre una gavilla de bandoleros y una partida de revolucionarios resultaba sumamente tenue. De esta manera, sin variar demasiado sus actividades ilícitas de pillajes, secuestros y peticiones de “préstamos” para la causa que jamás serían pagados, los asaltantes Vallejo y Zamora terminaron convertidos en grupos armados al servicio de una revolución social que ni conocían ni entendían, pero que otorgaba un manto protector a sus fechorías.
ALCANZADO POR LA REVOLUCIÓN
Los alzados del sur de Jalisco y Colima.
En diciembre de 1909 Francisco I. Madero visitó Guadalajara acompañado de Roque Estrada, sembrando la semilla del antireeleccionismo in Jalisco, as he had done in other parts of the country. In mid 1910, Madero, Antireeleccionista Party candidate Porfirio Díaz was imprisoned and wins the election. Since the United States in October Madero launched its Plan of San Luis, with a call to revolt. In the region encompassing southern Jalisco and Colima were giving various surveys over the next two years, and improvised cast led by guerrillas, among which we mention Aviña Eugenio, Francisco Vallejo, Francisco del Toro, Julian del Real, Ignacio Soto, Leocadio Parra, Jose Morales, Melesio Cárdenas, Isauro Aviña, and even brothers as Joseph, Jesus, John and Julian Medina, and Manuel and Roberto Moreno, Luis Gutierrez known as "The Enchanted Goat" Vicente "El Indio" Alonso, and even priests and Manuel Ruelas Crown. Each of them left the cornfield, the workshop, the store or worse thug life, to embark on the uncertain adventure of arms. In the peasants rose Tecolotlán Nicanor Fernández, Juan Estrada, Apolinar and Cosme Cedano Covarrubias, while they did Juchitlán Anselmo and Ricardo Gil Robles cockpit. Some of them would be called to play an important role in the military, political and even the collective imagination, as in the case of Paulino Navarro, a musician and that Autlán died very young and the rank of general, and whose name now appointed the former Autlán de la Grana, as mentioned earlier in this story. Tlajomulco took up arms Zúñiga brothers, who later would give their name to the municipality, and raided the neighboring Michoacan, where they were joined by neighbors and Jiquilpan Sahuayo, led by brothers Damaso, Francisco and Lazaro Cardenas, which time would be called to occupy an honored place in the history of the Revolution and the country. Other brothers also appear on stage are Bob, and Jacinto Manuel Cortina, the latter would eventually become general, Rep. and owner Telcampana ranch where he raised fine horses, one named Opossum, was later seized by Pedro Zamora to make it your favorite horse and its emblem. In Hostotipaquillo there was an uprising of miners, led by brothers Jesus and Julian Medina, Julian came to occupy temporarily the governor of Jalisco when Villa's forces ousted the Governor Manuel M. Carranza Diego.
deserves special mention the dreaded bandit Inés Chávez García, who at that time the lands and peoples devastated Michoacan, with a cruelty that perhaps overshadowed that of Zamora.
the year 1913, while the capital Victoriano Huerta betrayed and murdered the President Madero, ending the ten famous tragic, Francisco Vallejo probably die of alcohol congestion, leaving the command of his army the young Pedro Zamora, who was then with 23 years. And so was born the leadership that would eventually become the most famous revolutionary character and feared in the region, the most controversial, admired and hated, the emergence of a myth, a legend and a literary character.
YOUR PERSONAL REVOLUTION
Pedro Zamora had a single cause, the very, very tact that Ramon Rubin defined as the revolution without mysticism. In it, illiterate and alien to the political ideas and ideologies, the ball was only a scenario favorable to its desire to steal, kill, rape and accumulate wealth outside. Therefore changed allegiances and political mentor as wind and run according to how their survival instinct will tell you. In 1912, after the death of the father's brother Hilarion Cuevas, his subsequent imprisonment Francisco Vallejo alongside his mentor and guide in the life of a robber, and his daring escape from jail of Union de Tula. Pedro Zamora and his partner Vallejo become bandits and living hand to mouth, until they decide to integrate a sheaf and declared in arms under Carranza. His natural leadership and success of campaign attracted to its ranks hundreds of youth seeking a fortune in the heady days of national revolt.
Zamora and Vallejo were tired of always on the run, fighting at a disadvantage against small guards who were pursuing them and hiding in caves inhabited by bats sordid by the Olachea tables and Pueblo Nuevo de los Robles, mountainous areas of home region where they had their dens and more defensible parapets. And encouraged by the victory in a match that from behind a stone fence fought against Huerta soldiers firing at the Old Labor and killed one, wounded another and did the rest fled of their enemies through a ploy childlike , that was to leave the hat on the parapet so that the "carnitas" are entertained while swinging them around and beat down the back, began to feel nostalgia for the profession of guerrillas "revolutionary." Having declared
Carranza, and having already acquired a military rank in a moment that we could not determine, Pedro Zamora did not stop flirting with other potential leaders in that revolution whose national map was beyond his understanding, states that had gone and in dealings with Felix Diaz, but his attempt failed.
October 1914 for Zamora appears in Guadalajara with the rank of colonel, in the company of brothers Zúñiga, Julian del Real and Celso Santiago commissioned by the general saying. Lucio Blanco, to recruit people. From there he went to the region Autlán to fulfill their missions. However, the general Diéguez news that had already distanced Blanco General Obregon and Carranza, so he instructed Zamora, Santiago del Real and concentrate on Guadalajara.
Zamora had the intelligence and the wisdom to leave relating to some of the most important revolutionary historical moment, including Lucio Blanco, Manuel M. Diéguez, Carranza and Alvaro Obregon, but much more significant him with the now famous Francisco Villa.
In late 1914, Francisco Villa, Carranza refused to recognize the government and precipitate the failure of the Convention of Aguascalientes. In December, after signing the treaty of Xochimilco, Zapata and Villa come triumphantly into Mexico City, while Carranza fled to Veracruz. Among those who joined it was Zamora who had gone to his side with something more than a thousand followers, and eventually the time will be one of the most remarkable men in the territory of Jalisco and Colima. In the north both interview, Zamora returned to Jalisco to officer rank and above all, with the slogan of spreading the ideals Villistas.
Despite its ratification commitment to Villa, Zamora is not without new flirtation with opposition forces. On May 21, 1918, in Veracruz, General Felix Diaz, nephew of Porfirio and self-appointed army commander in chief of National reorganized, granted by a written appointment of chief of military operations in Colima to Pedro Zamora. Furthermore there is evidence that he provided advice to make the rounds on the bandwagon of Colima, made in 1919 in which General Diaz had experience in Veracruz.
In May 1920, tired and defeated, Zamora surrendered in his hometown and skillfully negotiates be recognized by the government as General Huerta and remain as head of operations Autlán military, achieving a peace that could not survive very long. Again change political sides and makes a great advantage for him. Well just in the month of August the same year he made his last armed uprising, paradoxically remain as stated Autlán military chief, went from there jump and kill hidden a few weeks, which began sending their own request a new amnesty, some of whom managed to come to the Teniente Coronel Luis Alvarez Gayou, the forces of Juan Dominguez, who took duly authorized by the superior, all arrangements. We note here that Pedro Zamora headed their messages directly to the office of the presidency of the republic and the War and Navy.
August 25 arrives General Plutarco Elias Calles in person to Guadalajara and moved south of the state to intervene in the surrender of Zamora, but the expedition failed to have no contact with the guerrilla. Zamora threatens to kill foreign hostages and unleash a national scandal and diplomatic means, because there is a history of previous attacks Zamora English, French, Italian and German.
The international scandal caused by Zamora seriously affected the young government of Adolfo de la Huerta. However, thanks to the effectiveness of their persecutors, is solved without foreign casualties that would have caused a serious international incident. American miners had managed to flee in the confusion of combat, some of the hijackers in Talpa and Mascota well, while others paid the ransom, and Mr. Johnson was only held by The Magpie, who was hiding with a few of his men. Maclovio
Hurtado Zamora representative, travels to Mexico City to negotiate terms of surrender. In August villa Francisco Zamora directs you to a letter from his ranch in Canutillo, Durango, inviting him to surrender to General Elias Calles. San Lorenzo (Ejutla) meets with Col. Luis Zamora Alvarez Gayou to negotiate terms of surrender. From there they travel to El Palmar, where negotiations continue to surrender. And the November 12, 1920 surrendered to fifteen men who were discharged with a month of assets, the Colonel and Luis Alvarez Gayou in Coatlancillo, Mpio. Ejutla. It tells you to leave the country, but Zamora calls for help to Villa, who invited him to go with him to the Canutillo hacienda, where it reaches the end of 1920.
Guadalajara passed on 14 escorted by the colonel himself and accompanied by only his assistant, Antonio Zamora, due to Irapuato, where it was transhipped to rail road Juarez Durango. Zamora thus returns to the side Francisco Villa, with this latest political transformation of this unique political chameleon.
WHAT THE REVOLUTION WILL PROVIDE A ZAMORA.
After the death of Vallejo, Zamora became the sole leader, and its people, the lure of "free hand", grew to form a long line of hundreds of men who unleashed a violent campaign across the region, more concerned to loot estates and facilities, to plagiarize and fix the rich ransom, kidnap the force to the most beautiful girls and killing opponents of these outrages that of politics.
From there his attacks populations of the region makes in principle on behalf of the Carranza leader: Talpa, Mascota, Cocula, Ameca and people of Colima. They would be added soon Ejutla, Santa Rosalia, Ayutla, Cuautla, Union de Tula, Tenamaxtlán, Tapalpa and elsewhere, where he was leaving a trail of destruction, pain and death.
raids on villages and haciendas.
The basic model: The conquest of the peoples: Assault, looting, imposition of forced loans and abduction of young girls and ladies.
Toliman, Talpa, Mascota, Cocula, Ameca, Ejutla, Santa Rosalia, Ayutla, Cuautla, Union de Tula, Tenamaxtlán, Tapalpa, are scenes of his wanderings and atrocities, leaving a trail of destruction, pain and death.
On February 11, 1914, under the command of two hundred armed men, seizes Zamora Cuautla, but is rejected and Tecolotlán Ayutla. The attacks on 19 Limón. It is also long the relationship of their tracks and failed attacks, such as that attempted in Autlán that month, and failed to move forward on the coast, attacking the people of Lo Arado, La Huerta, Villa Purification and Cihuatlán, which faces troops coming from Colima, making it back to Tequexquitlán.
San Gabriel has always been a coveted destination for Pedro Zamora, who knew him well from his days as a trader and a bandit. In March of 14 from the estate of Totolimixpa, is preparing to attack San Gabriel, but the arrival of reinforcements does Sayula desist. So begins a tour of the main stage for their actions, "Llano Grande", "visit" Toliman, Tuxcacuesco, Apulco, Tonaya, San Juan de Amula and back towards Ejutla.
April 22 enters the blood and fire in the town of purification, in what would be one of the most unfortunate and bloody events of the rear Zamora. And which still have much to say tonight.
May 13 attacks Ayutla, from Cuautla, the population manages to resist the siege, but the next day penetrates Zamora, burning population and by more than 40 dead.
May 23 Autlán Zamora enters, causing losses of more than half a million pesos.
attacked Toliman, San Pedro and arrived to toxins, where he met and the Indian Aviña Eugenio Alonso. Enhanced with more than 300 men, Zamora advanced on Manzanillo, Colima, returning to Cihuatlán, La Huerta, Autlán, Talpa and Mascota.
On August 10, 1915 attacks Ahuacapán, and 28 and September 29 attacks Sayula, defended by Captain Carranza Francisco Bravo, who is forced to surrender, Zamora and his troops burned and looted buildings main town. On September 7 attacks Tonilita and Villegas.
In November of that year with 800 armed men were preparing to attack Zamora Colima, which is never achieved.
On June 21, 1919 attacks Zamora Tonila but is defeated by the valiant defense official advised by Agustin Gutierrez.
On 6 September of that year? Salvador S. Colonels Sanchez and J. Arrambide Zacoalco defend the attack of Zamora, but are defeated and the inhabitants are obliged to pay fifty thousand pesos guerrilla in eight days. Aware, and Petronilo Olachea Flores Zamora put an ambush in the ravine of Apulco, but he eludes them and returns to Zacoalco promised ransom.
ITS RARE MILITARY FEATS
Villa's campaigns in southern Jalisco: Ahuacapán, Apango, Hacienda Nueva de San Jose, Union de Tula and the slope of Sayula Tonilita.
In December 1914, Pancho Villa and his men come in Guadalajara, forcing the Governor Manuel M. Carranza Zapotlán Diéguez to retreat to.
1915 is the year of the military exploits of Pedro Zamora, who by then was already a declared villista. On January 10 some of the forces of Diéguez, led by General Enrique Estrada, leaves and target Zapotlán Sayula, but the territory is full of Villa's armies, then decide to cut through the mountains to go to San Gabriel and overnight there. Between Wells and estates Cuatas Doors are surprised by the Villa's, the fight starts at 3 in the afternoon and evening disperse the Carranza defeated. The Villa's top leaders are Pedro Zamora, Leocadio Parra, Roberto Moreno and Just West.
January 11 the decimated ranks of Estrada are grouped in the hacienda La Lagunilla, where they are again expelled by the Villa's. Inexplicably, on 12 Zamora forces retreat to San Gabriel, giving up a total and decisive victory over Estrada. In turn, the latter said to have caused 300 casualties in Zamora, while he, having triumphed, his enemy caused over 500 casualties.
In February of the same year, General Diéguez and are in Zapotlán Munguia, having first left the governorship when Villa's army attacks Guadalajara. Gen. Francisco Villa then organized a military expedition that goes to Zapotlán and took part in Villa's generals Rodolfo Fierro, Julian Medina, Calixto Contreras and Pedro Zamora. Diéguez out to meet him and the two forces collide in the Cuesta de Sayula, the fighting began before dawn and ended in the early evening. Defeated, Diéguez flee towards Colima, where he seeks reinforcements and support of President Carranza, and eventually, as happened with Obregon in Veracruz, Diéguez return to the governorship of Jalisco and starts the pursuit of Pancho Villa.
On 1. September, Sayula, Zamora received a warning that a train with Carranza troops, which were integrated with "red battalions" of the "Casa del Obrero Mundial" in Mexico City, are aimed at Zapotlán or Colima. The train stops at Tonilita and Villegas, where on September 7, are attacked by the armies of Zamora, causing numerous deaths, including suicide and causing some of them.
October 31 Lieutenant Colonel Rodolfo Carranza Lopez gets away with his troop of Zapotlán and reaches Tonaya, when he reported that Zamora is in San Buenaventura with many armed men, then decide López return to San Gabriel. Unfortunately for him, a large shipment of park reaches Tonaya when he has already retired. Thanks to its many informants, Zamora entire shipment and gave chase. The Carranza is afortinan at Hacienda Nueva de San José, 15 miles from San Gabriel, where the troops reached Lopez. Zamora's attack with 800 or 900 men. This battle between such unequal forces becomes carnage, the Carranza Park allowed to kill hundreds of his attackers, but in the end they are slaughtered with great violence, this episode is an embarrassment for both sides.
These are the main military events that led Zamora and starred against a regular army, most of his other feats of arms are attacks on villages and farms generally poor and unprepared to defend themselves, and many other skirmishes to avoid, not always with good fortune, their pursuers. As can be seen, the military figure of the conqueror, the triumphant warrior, not the one that best portrays the character. The other facts that made him famous, were the attacks on the bandwagon of Colima.
ASSAULTS THE TRAIN OF COLIMA. Supposedly
1919
advises Peter Felix Diaz Zamora train for the assault, he was already performing at the limits of Puebla and Veracruz, and even sends him to help you plan and carry out the derailment, the least two of them were killed by the persecutors of Zamora.
May 6 Zamora dynamite the railway in the Cuesta de Sayula, which is expected to pass Colima train at 12 days. After the attack, which pays off huge profits, and which ruthlessly murdered soldiers and passengers, the attackers back to the mountains and Tapalpa Apango.
The second train attack occurs on 19 June of that year, at km 544, between Coquimatlán and Lamadrid. There the hosts of Zamora raised rails and placed stones on the road, causing the machine and some cars were derailed. The escort who defended the train was soon defeated, killing five soldiers then ordered the whole passage down to stealing, killing four distinguished gentlemen of Colima and an Italian co-owner of the Hacienda Paso del Rio. Boxcar Express ransacked, set fire to cars and kidnapped two women. Troops of Colima and Guadalajara came immediately to chase, hitting near Coquimixtlán, where you had some casualties and managed to rescue the two kidnapped travelers. According
Chavez tells Morett, "on 7 December that year, at 9 am, Zamora made a third attack on the train of Colima, Km 142, between tunnels 14 and 15. Four armed men surrounding the Train 50 soldiers of the Legion of Honor defend the train, but eventually leave on their own passengers. The train was a special wagon with seven hundred thousand dollars in bags of gold and silver coins by the payer and his assistant Manuel Leopoldo Sandoval Meza. The train is looted and burned in great cruelty. "
Upon learning of the event in Guadalajara, General Juan José Méndez, Head of Military Operations in Colima and Jalisco leaves the scene and is at the next General Juan Carrasco Manzanillo with a regiment.
Three aspects highlighted in the attacks of Pedro Zamora to train colima are extreme cruelty and it is unique, so large in the spoils, and most singular, that all chases end in which the forces Zamora are largely depleted.
PURSUED THE ETERNAL
Its main pursuers. Cyril Abascal, Gonzalo Novoa, Manuel M. Diéguez, Enrique Estrada, Rafael Buelna, Agustín Olachea and Petronilo Flores.
The federal government sent military troops on several occasions in pursuit of Pedro Zamora. Among the first major inroads were generals and Novoa Quiroga Zamora who put to flight with his troops decimated, but that had to be removed during the campaign in the North against Villa and replaced by battalions less strong but more seasoned in command of the largest and Petronilo Olachea Flores, who successfully fought it when they could catch. And since then, Pedro Zamora shunned present battle when I was in definite advantage, limited to evacuate a place when I was harassed and into another where it seemed fitting enough.
On January 8, 1916 Autlán strikes again, and in March of that year his bitter enemy Petronilo Flores, defeated and killed in the Volcanoes on the way to Talpa, one of the top lieutenants of Zamora, Saturnino Medina, better known as "The Bitch."
May 6, 1919, after the assault on the train, the Colonels Zavaleta and pursue Petronilo Flores making twelve casualties include colonels and Odilon Perez Arnulfo Medina, led by Felix Flores from Veracruz. Defeated, Zamora returned to Cerro Grande.
the night of June 20, 1919, after his second attack on the train of Colima, another faction of his troops attacked Tonila. But after fighting for two hours against fifteen soldiers of Lt. Agustin Gutierrez, who helped the neighborhood, killing nine people fled zamorist.
On 25 of the same month was reached in Jalpa Petronilo Flores, surprising and making eight dead and several wounded and prisoners, and rescued six girls who had just kidnap.
On October the same year he defected and surrendered to the Union of Tula to Petronilo Flores, the leader Ignacio Fonseca, who was chief proposed Zamora shot. And in mid-November it passed through El Grullo with only fifteen followers and pursued by a detachment of troops Olachea, which reached 20 and beat him in El Llano, near Juchitlán.
On December 10, 1919 the leader zamorist Ruiz was beaten in San José del Carmen Tellez by the same captain who years earlier killed the dog. And the twelve Zamora passed through El Limón General fleeing troops. Day three Olachea had scattered the sheaf of Meregildo Arias and San Jeronimo was an end to Corona priest's departure. Thus the late nineteenth year Zamora was in open bite in southern Jalisco.
On December 20, 1919, their eternal enemy, Lt. Col. Petronilo again reached Flores and Zamora defeat at Cerro de Avila, forcing her and a few followers to disperse. And the 31 was paid the ringleader zamorist Braulio Estrada.
In early 1920, Pedro Zamora gavilleros was already a fugitive from justice, and not a fighting force. On February 14, Zamora was defeated again in the Bureau of Colotitlán.
Finally, disappointed by the capitulation of Juan Sánchez Gómez and other leaders Pancho Villa in the region but above all by the news of the final defeat of Pancho Villa, asked in 1920 to pardon him. And in one of the many coups of audacity and cunning that characterized it, was able to negotiate directly with the presidency of Adolfo de la Huerta. The government offers of the garden through the General Enrique Estrada recognize it as the national army general. Zamora designates as his representative Maqueo Jose Castellanos, for talks with the generals Estrada Mendez and Guadalajara, and then go to Mexico City. Signed an amnesty, it is ordered military forces to leave the square Autlán to be substituted by the hosts of Zamora, which occurs between April 26 and May 4, comes first Colonel Juan Sánchez Gómez and later Pedro Zamora, which makes a reception party.
The great paradox of centralized decision is to be defeated, finished winner of many groups in the region obregonistas who had joined the Constitutionalists to combat it, and to prevent revenge had to go with the troops Irapuato of Petronilo Flores, than attending to the needs of Zamora, was transferred to the Bajio.
Since the last decade of May 1920, when Peter was pardoned in Palmar de los Pelayo, lived a very short period of peace in Autlan, holds the grade of brigadier general and commanded a regiment People said he recruited and rebuilt with his own. Its jurisdiction recognized as Chief of Military Operations included the cantons of Pet Autlán and then were very extensive.
But his fate was to achieve eternal persecuted once again for having everything as political and military chief of Autlan, where he was received, not without some misgivings, for the society of having such a high place and jurisdiction and authority over a so vast region was in the ideal position for every revolutionary, given the opportunity to become a true regional chieftain and ensure mastery and good reputation, leaving behind his long dark past. Ruling hand hard, make a few ranches and farms, sharing privileges between their followers and associates, making political deals with the rich, as punishment before him, and hope, why not? A state governor or at least a deputation, these expectations had to be renewed general Pedro Zamora after his very successful surrender, but he was not born for such a happy fate, theirs was a fugitive, a fugitive and eternal nomad a justice that neither understood nor cared exercises.
happened early August murder of more Agapito Murillo and his escort. And with it ended the four months that Zamora was Autlán peace. It justified its new armed uprising brought alleging that Murillo General Enrique Estrada's instructions in preparation for a coup against him, to send to General Rafael Buelna, nicknamed the "Granito de Oro", to relieve and Guadalajara forward to Zamora, where he would be at the mercy of Estrada and vicious enemies Petronilo Flores.
The fact is that on 9 August 1920 organized the men he had recruited or regained its original host, took one hundred thousand dollars of forced loans and holding up arms again, it was stated again in rebellion against Huerta Government, going towards the coast with some four hundred and fifty subordinates. Before leaving commissioned an escort to go home for the girl was infatuated and bring him by hook or by crook. As in the old days, the troops of Zamora was also Autlán this time twenty-two other girls.
In another of his bold strokes, August 13 Pedro Zamora took Talpa, and enters the 14th triumph in Mascota. Kidnap important local people, looting their properties and kidnaps English Bernard Johnson, owner of the El Alcihuatl, Purification Villa jurisdiction, and capture other foreigners, Mr. Charles Hoyle and Gardner, in the mine the Cuale property Hope Mining Company Company. This will cause a serious diplomatic incident to the de la Huerta. These incidents led him to appear on the national and international press, giving a last fleeting fame. Estrada
General immediately sent three columns, each of two regiments. One of them commanded by Gen. Juan Dominguez, who reached the coast by train from Manzanillo, another under the command of Gen. Eduardo Hernández, apparently Ameca and left, headed by General Rafael Buelna and reinforced by the " 13 "regiment then conformed Petronilo Flores, which entered by Sayula and Autlán.
On August 25 General Rafael Buelna confronted the troops of Zamora in Divisadero (Autlán) the match lasted 4 hours and managed to disperse the people of Zamora, who from there will be fiercely prosecuted. In Villa Purification formal presents his last fight, where they managed to take the hostages. The last to be delivered is Bernard Johnson, which is given by The Magpie in Los Corrales (Juchitlán).
And it highlighted six regiments under the command of General Juan Dominguez and Rafael Buelna, who came to the Coast in search. The latter, the general rash known for twenty years "Granito de Oro", was too much part to the declining Zamora. He caught up in a place not far from the Tecuan known as El Divisadero, and inflicted total defeat, which was exterminated or dispersed its troops and could hardly save himself through the San Nicolas for an extremely difficult, which even today is known as the Paso de Zamora. Only he was an assistant and she plagiarized Autlán, who since the Union of Tula sent home with a good supply of gold.
Pedro Zamora is said to his assistant and the girl got kidnapped from Autlán narrowly escaped plunging into the river through San Nicholas by a step extremely difficult even now known as the Paso de Zamora. The three fled to the Union de Tula, managing to join them only about three or four survivors from their men scattered. And from the Union de Tula sent the girl home Autlan, claim that lined in gold snakes entrusted to keep you as you recover from disaster and would meet again.
PHOTO ON
Opossum Pancho Villa, his godfather and protector.
In Telcampana ranch owned by the federal deputy and general Jacinto Cortina, despite the alleged friendship with the owner and administrators of the estate, Zamora stealing fine horses, including the famous "Opossum", with which it is portray in San Gabriel. This photo was published in the newspaper El Universal in Mexico City on September 10, 1920. Ramon Rubin quoting other sources indicated the possibility that the famous Opossum had belonged to a family Topete, Autlan.
Chávez said Morett, Zamora Telcampana mounted on the Opossum and proudly enters San Gabriel, where he requests to be made the famous photograph. Then, riding the horse enters the store "The World Expo, owned by Don Severiano Soto to look in the mirror. A second picture of Zamora riding the Opossum, a difference of angle and time, which is used by Lepe Preciado on the cover of his novel Pedro Zamora "The voice of the wind." Ramón
Rubin noted that picture and describes Zamora as follows: "Shaving the beard and mustache trimmed just, Pedro Zamora appears in the picture in question wearing his shoes and gaiters, baggy pants wearing a white duck in military court and an open jacket fleece apparent, with bandana tied around his neck tie in office. And he played with a hat brim plam moderately broad and slightly Arriscado. On their hips covered by the jacket whose ends are tied under the belly, sit two revolvers, but carries no rifle or cartridge belts crossed over his chest. Everything in his attire belies the claim that was flamboyant in dress and tight as a display of suits of leather or black cloth buttons, buckles and holsters silver. "
striking resemblance to that photo with one of Francisco Villa at 22, taken in 1899, and recorded by Enrique Krauze in his Biography of Power, Francisco Villa" Between the Angel and iron. " These pictures are a symbol of the similarities, which saved in due proportion, and Zamora came to Villa, for whom the former had a remarkable sympathy and liking, not enough to call to join his famous North Division, but if enough give confidence to take charge of villismo in southern Jalisco and Colima.
What they had in common Villa and Zamora? First rural origin Porfirian Mexico of large estates and even greater social inequities. Villa lived firsthand the oppression of the employers, and paid with his ban for having rebelled against the absolute power. Zamora in her family did not suffer this inequity, but testified in each of his trips as a small seller of eggs and other farm products in the municipalities of southern Jalisco. Both openly practiced banditry before reaching the revolution, Villa for much longer until he is captivated and redeemed by Francisco Madero, who manages to win for the cause antireeleccionista. Zamora for his part, Francisco Vallejo associated with later joined the movement without Carranza gavilleros leave his job, but rather using it as a protective mantle for their atrocities.
p. 7 "Soon he was arrested and jailed, but the law prevents leakage injuring his jailer with a hand mortar. By 1891 it becomes a bandit. "
p. 11 "Grant, who learned to steal and kill bandits and Refugio Alvarado Antonio Parra aka the Hunchback, but not its change of name to Francisco Villa has been a tribute to an outlaw namesake, but a search for descent, back to the rightful name, the grandfather. "
p. 12 "His misdeeds," wrote Reed, can not be compared with any other towering figure in the world. "
" Between 1901 and 1909 Villa made at least four murders, one in the back. Reliably participated in ten arson, burglary and numerous kidnappings on farms and ranches. In 1909, when, according Puente, Villa is an honest butcher, the real Villa and his band burned the town hall and file Rosario, in the district of Hidalgo. In that action, Villa saves the stamp then uses to protect its ownership of livestock. In May 1910 he presented at Rancho San Isidro posing as "H. Castañeda, cattle buyer. " After the looting, the band kills a man and his small child. As late as October 1910 Villa and his men-the-Urbina including stealing the ranch Talamantes, Jiménez district in Chihuahua. "
p. 18 "The moment came shortly before the death of Reza. Palace hotel in Chihuahua, Francisco Villa meets Francisco Madero. Tearfully tells his adventures, gives reasons, he admits. Madero gives you absolute confidence, justifying their past and absolve him. Villa-type bridge. "Thought of the revolution as something that is going to redeem, which will redeem his class, his" poor race. " Those 19 years of banditry gave an excellent knowledge of the terrain and had taught him "more a trick. " Now I could use "this knowledge to the people's cause."
there seem to end the similarities between Villa and Zamora, however, after the failure of the Convention of Aguascalientes, at the height of his power, along with Zapata Villa from December 1914 in Mexico City and symbolically sits in the presidential chair. Then, from January to June 1915 are given Bajio battles where defeat by beating Villa Obregon. In late 1915 Villa presents its latest formal battles in Sonora, and from there in January 1916 became a guerrilla.
Two years later dominated the south Zamora of Jalisco, but in Mexico, the top brass did not take into account when he went to be with them, only told to come back to their homeland after the call. The same thing happened to Villa and that was when both were allied. "You go and water to the people by the Cerro Grande, Villa said, and attack all the peoples of Jalisco, I command the people of Chihuahua and Sonora."
In his statement, Zamora has communication with July Real Ameca and brothers acting on Hostotipaquillo Medina. Villismo in southern Jalisco and flame spread and no one can turn it off easily.
Jean Meyer:
"After 1915 all this change, Villa and only a local leader of their armies is only a cloud of dust bands. Villa returned to his home in the mountains of Chihuahua, those who still called Villa's back to all the mountains of Zacatecas, Jalisco, Michoacan, Guanajuato, Queretaro and San Luis Potosi, and then scattered on the plateau to wreak devastation .
"The bandits took extraordinary proportions. Some chiefs, as Inés Chávez García and Pedro Zamora, had under his orders to real companies ... It is representative of the mutation known to thousands of Villa and Zapata after 1915 ..., in terms Pedro Zamora, was very fond of bullfighting, the prisoners were locked in a circle and be given a blanket to fend off the bull, or the executioner with his sword. "
" So many people were disappearing population and many villages disappeared forever from the map. The carriers could no longer work, or, like some bold, need to walk at night. The farmers no longer dared to leave the villages where the population is concentrated, to go to seed. The beasts were slaughtered or become abandoned to the wild. Having dissolved the State in banditry Carranza, the population began to organize in self-defense groups local volunteers called social defense ... His story is not written, it would be too humble, but it would be worthwhile because it lacked the heroism of these samurai children of need. "
1915" During that time, Villa's camp survivors battle Bajio dispersed to all the mountains to install an endemic banditry was very difficult to eradicate. If people had suffered the war, would still suffer more with new bandits, to these skinners of new species, formed into companies of varying importance. Every man for himself, heads now working on their own, in this revolution, no other purpose than to survive. The rolling stone can only be stopped until the bottom of the slope. Juan Rulfo Pedro Zamora made to say, one of the greatest villains of southern Jalisco, "this revolution going to do it with money from the rich pay their weapons and everything will cost. And even if the flag under which we fight, we must raise money quickly to stay strong when the government troops arrive. "
..." banditry, fragmentation, anarchy, Carranza remained in power. "
Krauze
VILLA: Villa
appears then, blind instinct, sometimes inspired vigilante impulses. Let's talk Martin Luis Guzman:
"In the dark horizon toward whom only saw one criterion: delete without feeling all that impede their equal vengeance. His demeanor, his gestures, his eyes constantly restless, they do not know what the beast, but beast that is screened, no attacking, beast that only begins to gain confidence, without being certain that another is not going to attack. Villa would not exist if the gun did not exist. Not only his first instrument, is the center of its action, the expression of his being, the realization of his soul. "
" When known to be lost again, as before the revolution, a beast, but without hope and resentment, a beast betrayed ... Since late 1915, the Villa's violence had become more bloody. In San Pedro de la Cueva, Villa gathered all the men of the people, ordered mass executions and killed with his own pistol at the local priest .. Santa Isabel shoots several American miners. Some time later, burned people alive and kill the elderly.
the early hours of March 9, 1916 Villa attacked the small border town of Columbus. The assault lasts until noon, no arson, rape, looting banks and businesses, large thefts of arms and horses, and several deaths among the civilian population. From that event pursuit enters the Pershing expedition. Wounded in the leg, Villa away for several weeks hiding in the cave of Coscomate, in the mountains of Santa Ana ... Never was most useful experience of his 19 years of banditry. Ramón ZAMORA
ruby:
Pedro Zamora dragged a chair head, another was shot at and shot the others and to effectively identify the defenders who had been hiding and impose exemplary punishment from which no escape none, said patrols went from house to house smelling hands as male was in them. If the slightest warning smell of gunpowder that were deducted from who had fired on them and killed them there. The bodies were strewn in the streets, plazas and portals without the terrified neighborhood dared to claim them for burial ... forty-four were raped girls and a married woman in front of her helpless husband or other family members and killed them if they tried to defend them. Morett
Chavez: The Carranza-zamora
to meet their "needs" seek the most cruel punishments to apply to the helpless residents. Purification Villa becomes real fire that is kindled and fed with some of his own people who have the misfortune to die cremated ... They do not understand the pleas or pleading, so there is no mercy for the condemned and sentenced to execution, to martyrdom, torture and death. Pedro Zamora
Cerro Grande is the real "southern Jalisco Tigre," which all ability and skill moves through the vast mountains and get their holes no one can take or hunt ... When you feel pressured Pedro Zamora by their persecutors breaks the fence and like lightning across woods and valleys to get to Cerro feels great and when it enters your salvation. When you get there persecutors know that all is lost.
CHARACTER OF TRAGEDY
The bitterness and rationale.
The main energy that inspired the actions of Pedro Zamora during his short but intense life was always the bitterness, resentment against the rich, against the winners, against women, against their own class and its people. No respect either to his father, who was involved in his misdeeds, or his godfather, the priest of Tonaya, Don Sixto Michel, who also applied forced loans. Chavez
Morett:
... here is to accommodate other interests, which are far from revolutionary ideals. This is not to preserve political power to General Victoriano Huerta, nor that of taking the presidency to Mr. Venustiano Carranza, one reason or another is the least be interesting to Mr. Zamora. Far from above and to the facts in the light are easily interpreted that there is only resentment, envy and hatred toward anyone. It talks about being against the rich for being operators of the exploited but the truth is that having a rich and another for lack of them are persecuted alike.
Juan Rulfo:
"For as Pedro Zamora told us: This revolution was going to do with the money of the rich. They will pay the cost of weapons and it takes this revolution we're doing. And although right now we do not have no flag to fight about, we must hurry to amass money, so that when the troops come government to see that we are powerful. That told us. "
The eternal dispossessed.
charisma as a talisman.
An army of paupers.
The woman, victim and executioner. Lepe
Preciado:
"At Zamora he liked women, but women who gave themselves hypocritically easy for pennies. That, he said, is a vice and I'm not vicious. I like to take arms to those who really love me for who I am and not what you go for me. Not one that seems gum that goes from mouth to mouth and when you throw someone to give up yet another chupadita ... When a woman goes through me these are me pity, I give what I bring money and send her home.
was agreed that night while circling the kite, a woman of the Highlands, in Tepatitlán, when asked why he was in that life and she replied:
- The need has the face of heresy. If someone could help me to buy a sewing machine and a house where to live, I depart from this life.
Zamora bought the house and the machine ... And when he was apart, a day was to see her. How he liked the girl! There seemed he met at the bar and fell in love .. but once that lasted more than five months without going through those courses, she returned to her previous life. When he went to see was not found in his house and went to the bar where he met ... At the edge of town gave him a tremendous head dragged chair and left lying in a pasture. After the house burned and turned south.
Since then he had returned to that town, but came back and she had not died, who knows what would happen. Since then, women had two or three times and ran out of love, just wanted to say that "
" Once again Autlán and found Virginia. She recognized him but gave no sign of surprise and kept walking. Zamora stopped at the curb and then returned to catch up.
"Excuse me miss, Nah, you and I have known.
- is wrong, I've never seen.
- Virginia does have a bad memory. A night at the ball ...
- I do not want anyone to miss the night life.
"At last you remembered. It's up nothing happens.
- What do you mean?
- I love you, Virginia.
She stopped, and before he could stop Zamora, got into the first house they found it open. "
" That told him when he delivered the weapons in the Palmar and he agreed to leave the general Villa, pero antes había visto a Virginia.
-Nos iremos a Canutillo.
-Te prometo pensarlo.
- He dado mi palabra.
-Pero yo no he dado la mía.
-Acepta de una vez, acuérdate cuando nos fuimos a Michoacán, las horas de amor…
-No me recuerdes, tú no habías regresado ya.
-Pero aquí estoy otra vez, enamorado como antes…
-Dame tiempo para pensarlo.
-¿Quieres que emplee la violencia?
-No tienes que recurrir a ella, fui tuya una vez.
-Fuiste mía muchas veces y seguirás siéndolo Virginia, recuerda que soy Pedro Zamora y aún I can go back. Until now nothing is definite. If you accept my proposal will obey the government, otherwise reforzaré my troops and again raise the dust of the revolution. Jalisco all know that Pedro Zamora remains strong ...
"No need colonel, a woman in love will never miss an appointment.
And the train left the machine resembling a giant horse that ran rampant across the plain.
Pedro, through the window, I saw telegraph poles move like an endless army soldiers, and at times he appeared unbroken ride that horse whose hooves striking sparks from the rails. In his mind was the image of Virginia and in his heart the anger triggered by his failure to attend the event. "
buried and wasted money. Carlos Alatorre
:
"-was a soldier for four years of a" revolutionary "whose name was Pedro Zamora. Participated with the rest of the troops in many battles and kidnappings of landowners and wealthy people who Pedro Zamora let go only by good saves, mostly in gold coins. This Zamora was very ambitious, and has always been hoarding money to enjoy it when the war was over. A few days earlier, as ransom for a wealthy Autlan, had received just a lot of gold ... A few days later, long before daybreak the morning, woke up two soldiers hit in the foot with the toe of his boot, and then took them to the corral where the horses were. With no one would listen, he ordered them to saddle their horses, and his, and one that would carry on bag. They were also provided with a spout, a shovel and an ax ... They both concern an old story that ran between the troops. Rumors said that when Zamora out mysteriously and with only two men was to make a "burial", and that in these cases always came alone, without companions ..
"As I told Peter, man lived only two days, but managed to tell all those things. What was he could not tell me the place of the funeral. " My hope, of course, was to relieve the two to go there. I vaguely pointed to a hill where the sun rises, but nothing more, so that when I died I gave to the treasure, well ... how could I reach that rock pediment, to the cave?
"It was necessary to study the soil: manure mixed with earth, traces of excavation, softer ground and pointed me to just up the place of the funeral." With the single blade I started digging and soon come up with the sack. Giving groans because he was very heavy, I got that hole, ripped up his mouth and I met a lot of gold. A lot of gold! "
epic poems:
El corrido de la Perra,
" I killed the bitch,
But there are dogs. "
saxophonist Pancho Madrigal.
Alfredo Ortega's work was closed with the presentation of Pancho Madrigal, who was invited by him to sing his own run, and illustrate with his song which recently joined member had drawn such a wide and solvents.
Dr. José Francisco Cobián Figueroa responded to this work by the following test:
What literary character Pedro Zamora? José Francisco Cobián Maestro Figueroa, Julio A. Becerra Santillán
President
BSGEEJ MSc. Carlos Manuel Orozco Santillán
Rector of the University Center South Coast
MSc. Morán Fernando Guzman
Autlán Mayor of Dr. Nabor De Niz
Dominguez South Coast Chapter Coordinator of the MSc
BSGEEJ. Alfredo Tomas Ortega Ojeda
Academic Secretary of the Central University of the South Coast and rapporteur on this solemn academic session presents his work income.
fellow of
BSGEEJ
Friends:
Between late 1993 or early 1994 I came across a book whose title caught my attention, and the content of opened my mind to a fresh literature, lighthearted and fun, but not therefore less valuable. These
's birthday maniacal arsonist. Book by Alfred T. Ortega, a writer who had never heard of and who, therefore, did not know.
In 2001, in the framework of the International Book Fair, attended the delivery of awards to outstanding scholars from the University of Guadalajara, and I was fortunate to acknowledge, when I mentioned the name of so-eloquent author. Alfredo Tomas Ortega
. Could not be other than that Alfredo T. Ortega on the cover. But now being recognized for his scientific work at the Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur.
A writer whom I liked from six or seven years earlier, he did not know and lived nothing less than Autlán.
After that, there have been moments of coincidence, like today, where we could talk about the common reference, literature, and with this pretext, go closer and closer ties of friendship latent and manifest.
Today, Alfredo Tomas Ortega Ojeda, presented their work for entry into the Civil Guard Society of Geography and Statistics of the State of Jalisco, and it reaffirms its desire to continue contributing to science, art and culture of this country.
We did a detailed account of what authors recognized locally, nationally and internationally have expressed in their works about Pedro Zamora, a controversial figure in the south of Jalisco, who is related to the armed movement of 1910, known as the Mexican Revolution, but who, far from being happy memory, all report that it was a robber, kidnapper of men and women, murderer and rapist. It also gives us elements to understand why Pedro Zamora is a literary character.
Alfredo Ortega is well known that dedicated countless hours in search of bibliographic data and gave the authors refer to the closest phenomenon called Pedro Zamora. Mentioned, among others, Jose Lepe Preciado Ramon Rubin, Juan Rulfo, Gabriel Ch Morett, Carlos Alatorre, Martin Luis Guzman, Jean Meyer and Enrique Krauze. Some writers, historians. But between the first and second, does very clearly portray the biography, personality, geography and timing of Pedro Zamora.
And in this framework, we define the man as a tragic character, being the first reference that relates to Pedro Zamora Ortega with literature. And it's funny, as in life there can be no separation strict genres, because while being tragic belongs to more strictly dramatic poetry, writers and writing that have dealt with Pedro Zamora, have resolved from the narrative. Together the Greek tragedy and epic. Pedro Zamora, who ends up alone, abandoned and homeless, perhaps overwhelmed by remorse and history, like Oedipus, at the end of the great national epic that was the Mexican Revolution. Rafael
Lapesa in introduction to literary studies, says
The tragedy sets the sustained conflict between a hero and adversity to which he succumbed. The sublimity of the matter requires idealization of environment and heightened language. The outcome is usually painful and then receives the name of disaster. In his biography
novel: Living to Tell
, Gabriel García Márquez shows us how all the characters that have accompanied an author throughout his life, somehow emerge as characters in literature. This is demonstrated by the full universe of
Hundred Years of Solitude, where are represented his grandfather, grandmother, mother, friends ... and they always told the author: No literary work has no seat in reality.
Thus, it is understandable that if ordinary people have enough merit to be literary characters, what can you expect from those that by hook or by tyrants have generated a reputation around him.
Pedro Zamora, the general consensus is a tyrant. It looks like all tyrants in history and literature. When García Márquez was asked if the patriarch, of The Autumn of the Patriarch was not such a tyrannical personality overloaded, the interviewee said that the patriarch was just a sketch of the tyrants of reality.
Given that the study presented to us by Alfredo Ortega is a complex story of walking and the excesses of Pedro Zamora, who is related to the Mexican Revolution with Pancho Villa, I have taken leave to contextualize these characters in real circumstances and literary within the so-called critical realism: a stream that evolved from folkloric narrative brought from Europe, rooted in Latin America and in force in Mexico throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century.
this critical realism belongs what is known as a novel of the Mexican Revolution, innovative and complex literary phenomenon, and as far as is known, under-investigated. The few studies that are known about this type of novel, oriented in two directions:
• The one that provides the novel of the Revolution, covering the armed period, from 1910 to 1917, and which, if taken strictly , it is only the work of Mariano Azuela. Corresponds to the same the revolutionary novel orientation of the authors who published their works between 1918 and mid-forties, being its most prolific decade of the thirties. Among the authors of this set are: Martin Luis Guzman, José Rubén Romero, José Gregorio López y Mancisidor and sources.
• The other approach is less strict in its criteria, and categorizes authors and works by merely temporal approach, which distinguishes three stages:
1. The authors of the period of armed men who were already formed when the revolution took place. All who knew the phenomenon firsthand, having even participated in it. Find ourselves here again, Mariano Azuela and his novel: The Underdogs.
2. The authors who were children born during the armed period and wrote his works from the vague recollections of childhood and the rescue of family conversations. It could be the case Agustin Yanez, with his work on the stroke of water.
3. Authors who were born after the armed conflict was brewing when the next war: the cristiada
, or during it, and whose works are an idealization of what could have been or what is desirable that it was the Mexican Revolution . We have here the case of Carlos Fuentes. The work: Old Gringo
.
What historians have documented with serious diligence and extensive reliance, has a true recovery in the novels, classified or not, by any standard, belong to the set we all recognize as a novel of the Mexican Revolution, a subject that few will continue betting.
Thus, under the previous assumption, from now invite you on a ride that triangulated between Alfredo Ortega said of Pedro Zamora, and what once wrote Mariano Azuela (Demetrio Macias on The Underdogs) and Carlos sources (about Thomas Arroyo in Old Gringo.) The first with a technique similar to that news story and the fictional ethnography, and the second nearest treatment the poem, philosophy and psychoanalysis.
Both: Demetrio Macías and Tomas Arroyo are literary characters, broken off from Pancho Villa. That is, are Pancho Villa, characterized in two different characters. Its creators thought of portraying Pancho Villa and at the same time referring to him as a character in the novel, but far from the place of the events described, for both the underdog, as in Old Gringo, such characters have the intention to meet Pancho Villa, and many aspired to reality. And here, in reality, Pedro Zamora also had meetings with the Centaur of the North and aspirations of new meetings, while their deeds they were slowly becoming a character in a novel.
As the prestige of bandits, aided by revolutionaries and bourgeois journalists were able to print to the general opinion says Alfredo Ortega:
In those unfortunate and troubled times, the distance between a gang of bandits and a party of revolutionaries was extremely dim. Mariano Azuela
puts it:
"... Could it be true what the press and government had assured himself that the so-called revolutionary bandits were but now grouped with a great excuse to quench their thirst for gold and blood?
Gabriel García Márquez ever mentioned that the research on various tyrants to establish the personality the Patriarch, found in the records an incredible amount of atrocities carried out by human baseness. Among others, said Nero, who filled his ailing power, he set fire to Rome. Regarding
Pedro Zamora, Ortega says,
... but the next day penetrates Zamora, burning people and making more than forty dead (Ayutla).
(y) Zamora and his troops burned buildings and looted the village main (Sayula).
In Los de Abajo, reads:
"Demetrio, with the smoking gun in hand, immutable, expected to withdraw troops.
"That is the house on fire stick-ordered Luis Cervantes, with a rare request, without transmitting the order, was in charge of run personally. "
In Old Gringo, Carlos Fuentes is illustrated as follows:
"He ran to the rear platform of the old car and followed it with as much dignity as possible.
"Oh what the boys. It overtook me.
pointed to the fire and said, look old, the glory of the Miranda puritito converted into smoke. He had told the boys that come to atareder. He stepped forward. But it took his pleasure, they knew that it was his pleasure, arrive when the estate caught fire. "
Cinema has been for many of us a benchmark of what true or not, was the revolution. In all the films are recovered more or less the same actions that are being described, but some of the most shocking and emotional, are undoubtedly the assault on the trains. Scenes like this are considered in the two films that were made recreations of the novel Los de Abajo, in 1930, and 1970, by Chano Urueta and Alejandro Galindo, respectively.
Alfredo Ortega described it as follows:
"Three aspects that stand in the attacks of Pedro Zamora on the bandwagon of Colima, are the extreme cruelty and it is unique, so large in the spoils, and as singular, all chases end in which the forces Zamora are largely depleted. " Carlos
vision sources is:
"What caught stealing gold from a train derailed in Charco Blanco and hung right there with all its viper full of coins to be moved."
And speaking of snakes of exchange, both Alfredo's speech as the popular voice of the regions of South Coast Amula and speak of hidden treasures, the product of looting Zamora exercised, and also mention the snakes of coins.
In a dialogue between Anastasio and Luis Cervantes, Los de Abajo, you hear:
"" I thought to myself I block nadita the game, curro! ... Nah, you Want to bet? ... Come on, look, this leather snake sounds yet! Anastasio said shaking voicing his belt and the crash of the weights hard. "
E, as it was Pedro Zamora brave men and Saturnino Medina, aka The Bitch, that he was killed or left alone, Demetrio Macias also had Aragones and Thomas Anastasio Arroyo García Frutos.
As for women, and perhaps regardless of what Alfredo Ortega had wanted to reveal, the greed of Peter was seated in the machismo and misogyny. In his work income, was described:
"Before commissioned from an escort to go home for the girl was infatuated and bring him by hook or by crook. As in the old days, the troops of Zamora Autlán also took this time twenty-two other girls "Mariano Azuela
attributed the kidnapping of girls both federal and revolutionaries.
"Then Fortunata Sena told his grief. She had very good will to the Lords of the Revolution. Three months ago the feds stole his only daughter, and that the was inconsolable and out of it. "
And in this sense, it seems that portray Demetrio Macías, Azuela spoken makes drawing of Peter Zamora:
"I'm like, that's my genius. Look, that suits me a woman, I'm so mouth stick, if she does not start ... I would not encourage anything, and He sighed. Here is Camilla, the ranch ... The girl is ugly, but if you saw how I
fills the eye ... "The day you want, we will bring us, General.
(...)
- Really, job? ... Look, if I make that valedura, pa is the hourglass Nah, you all and gold watch chain and block it so much. "
seems that Pedro Zamora, the character of reality that is becoming literary and Tomas Arroyo Demetrio Macías, literary characters that resemble reality both have the same problem of lack and search for identity. This problem is generally attributed to all revolutionaries. Alfredo Ortega
concerns:
"Mounted on the charger enters the store "The World Expo, owned by Don Severiano Soto to look in the mirror."
Azuela:
"The blond Margarito stopped before the mirror and pointing to his forehead, tore it to pieces."
Sources:
"One of the soldiers Arroyo arm forward toward the mirror.
"Look, you are.
And the companion pointed to the reflection of the other.
"It's me.
"It's us.
The words made the rounds, we, are we ... "
As you can see, there are sufficient reasons for Alfredo Tomas Ortega, after his timely investigations, has determined that Zamora is a literary character of southern Jalisco, and although this comparison can address enough material to write a thesis, since space does not permit, do the characters in a novel I've been showing, we respond to Ortega the question was raised regarding the way the media and the time that Pedro Zamora became general. Mariano Azuela
provides:
"I appreciate very much, General Macias, and I come to tell you that I have great will and I like his manner. So, if it is not wrong, I happened to his brigade.
- How much is it? "Asked Demetrio. Captain
first, my general.
"Come, well ... Here we get older.
and Carlos Fuentes:
"" I'm sure the general will help you get a ride, miss.
(...)
- General? Harriet tremendous eye-opening. No general is unlike any I have ever known.
"You mean it does not look like a gentleman.
"As you wish, but not like a general, men or not. Who appointed him general? I'm sure he named himself. Ladies and gentlemen
. As you have seen, the border between fiction and reality is often so vague and there are so many literary and historical accounts confirm this, I declare under with Thomas Ortega, Pedro Zamora is a literary character. Thank
.
Autlan, Jalisco. July 17, 2010.
Since labor input Orlando Ramírez was formed by a series of paintings Autlán folk dance and the rest of the country do not have the review of these, however, the photographs that accompany this document speak for themselves.
The Maestro. Fausto Gonzalez Nava responded to this work using the following piece of oratory:
Ballet "THE GREAT"
Distinguished personalities that make up the Presidium: Master
Orlando Israel Ramírez Ramírez:
Ladies and Gentlemen:
At the beginning of mankind, the man felt the need to communicate with nature and especially the man himself, his joys and sorrows, their needs and satisfactions, his thoughts all and to this end, with words, but these, in their pristine simplicity, are not enough and look for ways to extend them across genres, numbers, cases, adjectives, inflected forms and invariable words as the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction and interjection.
But even if this was a breakthrough, it modulates considered incomplete and therefore found the tone, strength, smoothness and speed with which he spoke nearer to what I wanted to express, but neither was sufficient, and then discovered that if all this we added different types of facial gestures, visual and others, if used movements of the hands and feet, that word was transformed and was getting a better expression of what was intended to convey.
And here, in this process to achieve greater precision in expressing their pleasure or pain, to organize their efforts to communicate their impressions physical or mental determining excitability will be transformed into "movements, gestures and attitudes" that, subject to the same dynamic rhythm sense, give rise to the dance.
Dance: Demonstration of "reflexes of nerves on muscles" overflow "vitality", execution of movements with the body, mainly arms and legs to the music you want to dance, expression of feelings and emotions gestures through fine, harmonious and coordinated; form of communication, art in which man is the material and point of attention, fine art, expressive and exciting for both the beholder and for those who dance it, pristine creations expression , habits, life history, leading exponent of humanity, a major and fundamental manifestations of artistic and cultural spirit of the people, "rhythmic sequence" that, through very personal items, anticipates the aesthetic manifestations vocal, singing and music, and physiologically considered, gives origin to other artistic disciplines.
Dance, not reduced to a simple footwork, but needs to reach its true sense of artistic expression throughout the body. And so, before appearing organized and articulate language, the deep human emotions such as joy, pain, joy, anger, subtle, obvious, sudden, reflect rhythmic variations in the body.
We say experts in the field, "From the beginning the dance includes elements sacred-profane: the funeral, the astrological, erotic ..., not merely the expression of priestly charges because the laws violated human impulse official art restricted to the anguish of unearthly, to exalt the finite and temporal. "
In Greece, the dance continues its evolutionary process culminating "as a social necessity."
"Fathers of the Church gently alluded to the dance, seeing it as a way of moderating the passions." San Basilio said that: " sole occupation of the angels in heaven is the dance. Blessed, he said, who can imitate on earth "But the Middle Ages condemned dancing," as any art form sensory
amending Renaissance allegorical ... and "sensory splendor of the Renaissance conception is manifested in dance, as in other artistic disciplines "
In modern times ..." dance is a start, a pounding corporeal, like all artistic expressions of the turbulent times. "
"In the Hispanic groups, all that remains of the former naïve agrarian socialism equality is the right to participate in dance. In the choreographic changes confuse the arrogance of the son of the landowner and commoner grace of the girls leased farm work. "
Anyway, speaking of the dance is about the spirit that escapes the body, matter, to be embedded in art, in the dream, the unknown, the disorder is usually forgotten in the order its beguiling rhythmic music , art, beauty, expressed through body movement.
MAESTRO ORLANDO RAMIREZ ISRAEL RAMÍREZ:
I think the mission of an artist is to boot to the reflection of the unfathomable beauty transforming message of spirits, to translate them into tangible form to an eager audience satisfaction unfading to leave a lasting imprint in himself and to help you taste the real flavor.
And this is what you do: capture the beauty found in music, rhythm, cadence, movement, gesture, attitude and feelings and come to describe it, so close and so assimilated all we have now had the opportunity to appreciate art in its Grupo Folklorico we leave this campus with the soul rejuvenated and brimming with ragweed exquisite beauty itself.
How happy must be the Grand Dame of blessed memory: Dona Beatriz Ramirez Ramirez, her mother, who started many years ago this great project, which immediately showed his strong character and effective in this group and could be developed so that very soon his work was admired by men as large in the art of dance as the same Maestro D. Rafael Zamarripa who take the Ballet Folklorico at the University of Guadalajara to prominent levels and now the Ballet Folklorico at the University of Colima. But also manages to leave you in Orlando Master, let your spirit imbued Art and enthusiasm to continue his work. And here it is now, showing that whoever commitment of the founder of this unique group, go ahead, relentlessly, projecting at the local, national and international.
And this solemn night, his effort reaches the dubious distinction of being admitted to the B. Society of Geography and Statistics of the State of Jalisco, which accommodates same extraordinary men of science, art and culture that have managed to spread all this to our town and beyond with enthusiasm in their training and development. Master
Orlando: You are welcome to this our Meritorious Society, but never forget that this entails a huge responsibility, as well as today admitted it, so she will claim, which we are sure it will not happen because they know fulfill their commitment to it. For now, congratulations and again, you are welcome to this almost Bicentennial Society and one of the oldest in the world.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN:
Today you are witnessing this glorious moment for our society Autlense. But I also realize that you are responsible with us, for all our effort is intended to reach you, but we need to be in constant, we need your constructive criticism of their care, their stillness, their silence, his understanding , for recognition and applause, as this would not feel alone in this task of knowing and practicing the Technology, Science and Art and so receive her warmth and enthusiasm, they are indispensable in any social endeavor. THANK
.
Finally, the President of the Meritorious Society of Geography and Statistics of the State of Jalisco, MSc. Julio Alejandro Santillán Becerra, swore in newly admitted members: MSc. Alfredo Tomas Ortega Ojeda and MCD Israel Ramirez Orlando Ramirez, whom Dr. José Francisco Cobian and MSc. Fausto Nava respectively, gave the parchment certifying them as new partners, and imposed a distinctive and revered the honor and distinction.
